1864

1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar.

Events

January

• January 21 - Māori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign starts.

February

• February 1 - Danish-Prussian War (Second war of Schleswig) begins. 57.000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross Eider River to Denmark.
• February 27 - American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia.

March

• March 1- Alejandro Mon Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain
• March 10 - American Civil War: The Red River Campaign begins as Union troops reach Alexandria, Louisiana.
• March 11 - A reservoir near Sheffield bursts; 250 dead

April

• April 18 - Danish-Prussian War (Second War of Schleswig): Battle of Dybbøl. The Prussian army fielding 10,000 men defeats the Danish defending army of 9,200 at Dybbøl Mill after an artillery bombardment from April 7 to April 18.
• April 22 - The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription "In God We Trust" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.

May

• May 5 - American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.
• May 7 - American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.
• May 11 - American Civil War: Battle of Yellow Tavern - Confederate General JEB Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.
• May 12 - American Civil War: Battle of Spotsylvania Court House: The "Bloody Angle" - thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers die.
• May 13 - American Civil War: Battle of Resaca - the battle begins with Union General Sherman fighting toward Atlanta.
• May 15 - American Civil War: Battle of New Market, Virginia - Students from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate Army to force Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.
• May 18 - Civil War gold hoax - New York World and the New York Journal of Commerce publish a fake proclamation that president Abraham Lincoln has issued a draft of 400,000 more soldiers
• May 20 - American Civil War: Battle of Ware Bottom Church - In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred Campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory
• May 26 - Montana is organized as a United States territory.

June

• June 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont - Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, West Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
• June 10 - American Civil War: Battle of Brice's Crossroads - Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.
• June 12 - American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor: - General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
• June 15 - Arlington National Cemetery is established when 200 acres (0.8 km²) of the grounds of Robert E. Lee's home Arlington House are officially set-aside as a military cemetery by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
• June 15 - American Civil War: Battle of Petersburg begins - Union forces under General Grant and troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee battle for the last time.
• June 21 - Māori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign ends.

July

• July 18 - President Lincoln issues a true proclamation of conscription of 500.000 men for the US Civil War
• July 20 - American Civil War: Battle of Peachtree Creek - Near Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General William T. Sherman.
• July 22 - American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta - Outside of Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General Sherman on Bald Hill.
• July 24 - American Civil War: Battle of Kernstown - Confederate General Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General George Crook in an effort to keep the Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.
• July 28 - American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church begins - Confederate troops led by General Hood make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces under General Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia.
• July 29 - American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC.
• July 30 - American Civil War: Battle of the Crater - Union forces attempt to break Confederate lines by exploding a large bomb under their trenches.

August

• August 1 - Foundation of Elgin Watch Company in Elgin, Illinois
• August 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Mobile Bay begins - At Mobile Bay near Mobile, Alabama, Admiral David Farragut leads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses and seals one of the last major Southern ports.
• August 18 - American Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern - Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Weldon Railroad, forcing the Confederates to use wagons.
• August 22 - International Red Cross founded in Geneva, Switzerland.
• August 31 - American Civil War: Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta, Georgia.

September

• September 1 - American Civil War: Confederate General Hood evacuates Atlanta after a four month siege mounted by Union General Sherman.
• September 1 - 8 - Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet at the Charlottetown Conference to discuss Canadian Confederation.
• September 2 - American Civil War: Union forces under General Sherman enter Atlanta a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
• September 7 - American Civil War: Atlanta, Georgia is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.

October

• October 2 - American Civil War: Battle of Saltville - Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops.
• October 5 – Cyclone kills 70,000 in Calcutta, India
• October 9 - American Civil War: Battle of Tom's Brook - Union cavalrymen in the Shenandoah Valley defeat Confederate forces at Tom's Brook, Virginia.
• October 28 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Fair Oaks ends - Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia.
• October 30 - Second war of Schleswig concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.
• October 30 - Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors discover gold at "Last Chance Gulch."
• October 31 - Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state

November

• November 4 - American Civil War: Battle of Johnsonville - At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest bombard a Union supply base with artillery and destroy millions of dollars in materiel.
• November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1864: Abraham Lincoln is reelected in an overwhelming victory over George McClellan.
• November 15 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea begins - Union General Sherman burns Atlanta and starts to move south, destroying everything in his path in order to punish the Confederates for starting the war.
• November 20 - Judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in Imperial Russia.
• November 22 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Confederate General John Bell Hood invades Tennessee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.
• November 29 - Indian Wars: Sand Creek Massacre - Colorado volunteers led by Colonel John Chivington massacre at least 400 Cheyenne and Arapahoe noncombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp).
• November 30 - American Civil War: Battle of Franklin - The Army of Tennessee led by General Hood mounts a dramatically unsuccessful frontal assault on Union positions around Franklin, Tennessee (Hood lost six generals and almost a third of his troops).

December

• December 4 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea - At Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops led by Confederate General Joseph Wheeler from interfering with Union General Sherman's campaign of destroying a wide swath of the South on his march to Savannah, GA (Union forces did suffer more than three times the casualties as the Confederates, however).
• December 15-16 - American Civil War: Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee at the Battle of Nashville

Date unknown

• Imperial forces assault the Taiping capital of Nanking in the last great battle of the civil war.
• James Clerk Maxwell discovers microwaves
• First Geneva Convention
• Danevirke destroyed
• Syllabus errorum: Pope Pius IX condemns theological liberalism as an error and claims for the supremacy of Roman Catholic Church authority over the civil society. He also condemns rationalism and socialism
• Haiti declares independence
• Brazil invades Uruguay in support of Venancio Flores. Paraguay attacks Brazil.
• John Wisden publishes first edition of Wisden Cricketer's Almanack. It goes on to become the major annual cricket publication.
• Asa Mercer travels from Seattle to the US East Coast and recruits 11 "Mercer Girls", potential wives for men on the West Coast

Births

• January 1 - Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer (d. 1946)
• January 8 - Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (d. 1892)
• January 13 - Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)
• January 24 - Marguerite Durand, French actress, journalist, and feminist leader (d. 1936)
• February 7 - Arthur Collins, American Singer who recorded many early songs.(d. 1933)
• March 13 - Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian expressionist painter (d. 1941)
• March 14 - Casey Jones, American railway engineer (d. 1900)
• March 15 - Johan Halvorsen, Norwegian composer (d. 1935)
• March 19 - Charles Marion Russell, American artist (d. 1926)
• April 21 - Max Weber, German sociologist (d. 1920)
• May 4 - Marie Booth, the third daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1937)
• May 10 - Léon Gaumont, French film pioneer (d. 1946)
• May 15 - Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (d. 1916)
• June 3 - Ransom E. Olds, automotive pioneer (d. 1950)
• June 11 - Richard Strauss, German composer (d. 1949)
• June 25 - Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
• July 11 - Petar Danov, Bulgarian spiritual teacher (d. 1944)
• July 13 - John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman and inventor (d. 1912)
• July 20 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
• August 9 - Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (d. 1939)
• September 14 - Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1958)
• October 25 - Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (d. 1956)
• November 11 - Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1921)
• November 23 - Henry Bourne Joy, American business leader (d. 1936)
• November 24 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (d. 1901)
• November 26 - Edward Higgins, the 3rd General of The Salvation Army (d. 1947)
• December 6 - William S. Hart, American film actor (d. 1946)
• December 12 - Paul Elmer More, American critic and essayist (d. 1937)
• Cosmo Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1945)

Date unknown

• Bishop James Cannon, Jr., American religious and temperance movement leader (d. 1944)

Deaths

• January 13 - Stephen Foster, American composer (b. 1826)
• May 2 - Giacomo Meyerbeer, German composer (b. 1791)
• May 9 - John Sedgwick, Union General, American Civil War (b. 1813)
• May 19 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (b. 1804)
• June 1 - Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (b. 1812)
• September 3 - Emil Nobel, younger brother of Alfred Nobel (killed in an explosion)
• October 12 - Roger Taney, United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1777)
• November 6 - Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Indonesian religious and military leader (b. 1772)
• December 1 - William L. Dayton - United States Minister to France (b.1807)
• December 8 - George Boole, English mathematician and philosopher (b. Nov. 2 1815)

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