1976 Summer Olympics

Games of the XXI Olympiad
Host city	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Nations participating	92
Athletes participating	6,028 (4,781 men, 1,247 women)
Events	198 in 21 sports
Opening ceremony	July 17, 1976
Closing ceremony	August 1, 1976
Officially opened by	Queen Elizabeth II
Athlete's Oath	Pierre St.-Jean
Judge's Oath	Maurice Fauget
Olympic Torch	Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson
Stadium	Stade Olympique

The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These are the summer Olympic Games organized by the International Olympic Committee. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games in May of 1970 over the bid of Moscow and Los Angeles, who later hosted the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympic Games respectively.

Highlights

• The Games were opened by Queen Elizabeth II (as head of state of Canada) and the entire British Royal Family attended the opening ceremonies.
• Canada, the host country, left with only five silver and six bronze medals. It was the first time in Olympic history that the host country of the Summer Games won no gold medals. This feat had occurred previously only in the Winter Games — 1924 in Chamonix, France and 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. This later occurred at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, and once more for Canada at the 1988 Calgary Games.
• In protest at a tour of South Africa by the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team early in the year, Congo's official Jean Claude Ganga led a boycott of 28 African nations as the IOC refused to bar the New Zealand team. Some of the nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated however, as the teams withdrew only after the first day. From Southern and Central Africa, only Senegal and Ivory Coast took part. Both Iraq and Guyana also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott.
• Because of the Munich massacre, security at these games was in evidence, as they it been earlier in the year at the Winter games in Innsbruck, Austria, though far lower than the norm for today's olympic games.
• The organisation of the Olympics was financially bad for Montreal, as the city faced debts well after the Games had finished. The Olympic Stadium, a daring design of French architect Roger Taillibert, remains a lasting monument to the huge deficit, as it never had an effective retractable roof, and the tower was completed only after the Olympics. The Montreal games of 1976 are the most expensive Games ever organised.
• The Olympic Flame was "electronically" transmitted via satellite from Athens to Ottawa, by means of an electronic pulse derived from the actual burning flame. From Ottawa, it was carried by hand to Montreal. After a rainstorm that doused the Olympic flame a few days after the games had opened, an official relit the flame using his cigarette lighter. Organizers quickly doused it again and relit it using a backup of the original flame.
• 14-year-old Nadia Comaneci of Romania scored seven perfect 10s and won three gold medals, including the prestigious All Around. The score board could hold only 3 digits and the score was shown as 1:00. In women's gymnastics three gold medals were also been won by Nellie Kim of USSR. Nikolai Andrianov of USSR won four gold medals, including All Around, in men's gymnastics.
• Viktor Saneyev (Soviet Union) won his third consecutive triple jump gold medal, while Klaus Dibiasi of Italy did the same in the platform diving event.
• Alberto Juantorena of Cuba became the first man to win both the 400 m and 800 m at the same Olympics. Finland's Lasse Virén also achieved a double in the 5000 and 10,000 m and finished 5th in the marathon, thereby failing to equal Emil Zátopek's 1952 achievements.
• Boris Onischenko, a member of the Soviet Union's modern pentathlon team, was disqualified after it was discovered that he had rigged his épée to register a hit when there wasn't one. Because of this the USSR modern pentathlon team was disqualified. Onischenko earned the enmity of other Soviet Olympic team members and, for example, USSR volleyball team members threatened to throw him out of the hotel's window if they met him.
• Women's events were introduced in basketball, handball and rowing.
• Five American boxers - Sugar Ray Leonard, Leon Spinks, Michael Spinks, Leo Randolph and Howard Davis Jr. won gold medals in boxing. This has been often called the greatest Olympic boxing team the United States ever had, and, out of the five American gold medalists in boxing, all but Davis went on to become professional world champions.
• Princess Anne of the United Kingdom was the only female competitor not to have to submit to a sex test. She was a member of her country's equestrian team.
• Japanese gymnast Shun Fujimoto performed on a broken right knee, and helped the Japanese team win the gold medal for the team championship. Fujimoto broke his leg on the floor exercise, and due to the closeness in the overall standings with the USSR, he hid the extent of the injury. With a broken knee, Fujimoto was able to complete his event on the rings, performing a perfect triple somersault dismount, maintaining perfect posture. He scored a 9.7 thus securing gold for Japan. Years later, when asked if he would do it again, he stated bluntly "No, I would not."

Venues

Montréal Olympic Park

• Olympic Stadium - opening/closing ceremonies, athletics, football/soccer finals, equestrian events
• Olympic Pool - swimming, diving, water polo
• Olympic Velodrome - cycling, judo
• Maurice Richard Arena - wrestling, boxing
• Pierre Charbonneau Centre - wrestling

Venues in Greater Montréal

• Olympic Basin, Notre Dame Island - rowing, canoeing
• Claude Robillard Centre - handball, water polo
• Étienne Desmarteau Centre - basketball
• St. Michel Arena - weightlifting
• Paul Sauvé Centre - volleyball
• The Forum - gymnastics, handball, basketball, volleball, boxing
• Winter Stadium (Montreal), University of Montréal - fencing
• Molson Stadium, McGill University - hockey

Venues outside Montréal

• Olympic Shooting Range, L'Acadie, Québec - shooting
• Olympic Archery Field, Joliette, Québec - archery
• Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont, Québec - equestrian
• Le Pavilion d'éducation physique et des sports de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec - handball preliminaries
• Sherbrooke Stadium, Sherbrooke, Québec - football/soccer preliminaries
• Sherbrooke Sports Palace, Sherbrooke, Québec - handball preliminaries
• Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, Kingston, Ontario - yachting
• Varsity Stadium, Toronto, Ontario - football/soccer preliminaries
• Lansdowne Park, Ottawa, Ontario - football/soccer preliminaries

Medals awarded

Velodrome (foreground) and Olympic Stadium (its tower completed after the Games), Montreal

See the medal winners, ordered by sport:

Medal count

Rank	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	USSR	49	41	35	125
2	East Germany	40	25	25	90
3	United States	34	35	25	94
4	West Germany	10	12	17	39
5	Japan	9	6	10	25
6	Poland	7	6	13	26
7	Bulgaria	6	9	7	22
8	Cuba	6	4	3	13
9	Romania	4	9	14	27
10	Hungary	4	5	13	22

Further information: 1976 Summer Olympics medal count

Participating nations

Participating nations

Boycotting countries

The following 28 countries boycotted the Games ^[2]. The boycott was due to the participation of New Zealand, because it still had some sporting links with South Africa ^[3].

Boycotting countries shown in yellow, green and orange

Note: Zaire did not compete, but claimed financial causes rather than political. Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China boycotted the games over issues concerning the legitimacy of the other country.

Montreal — Host City

Selection

Other candidate cities in the bid to host the 1976 summer Olympic Games were Moscow and Los Angeles. The final choice was made on May 12, 1970 during the 69th IOC session in Amsterdam. Los Angeles was eliminated in the first round of voting. In the second round, Montreal defeated Moscow, 41 votes to 28 (with one blank vote). The two cities hosted the very next two summer games: Moscow in 1980 and Los Angeles in 1984.

The Olympics in Canada

1976 was the first time Canada hosted the Olympics, and it did so in what was, at the time, its largest city. Canada has subsequently hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the largest city in the province of Alberta, and was selected to host the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the largest city in the province of British Columbia, and it will become the largest city ever to host a Winter Olympics. Coincidentally, Toronto hosted the 1976 Summer Paralympics.

The Olympics in Montreal

Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montréal — The Olympics can no more lose money than a man can have a baby

Montreal saw the 1976 games as a chance to build on the prestige that it had gained during the 1967 World's Fair, known as Expo 67, held in Canada's centennial year.

Montreal massively overspent on the Olympics, following Mayor Jean Drapeau's adage, The Olympics can no more lose money than a man can have a baby (a statement mocked in a political cartoon depicting him on the telephone asking for a "Morgentaler"). However, with rampant corruption, and lack of financial controls, Montreal did indeed lose money, over US$2 billion, when it was all said and done. In fact, the Quebec government — afraid the province would be humiliated internationally — stepped in at the eleventh hour and essentially put the entire municipal Olympic organizing effort under trusteeship. The facilities would likely not have been ready in time for the games had this not happened, a reality trumpeted by the provincial government in a series of "Because of Quebec, we've done it all!" TV commercials. The Olympic Stadium is still known colloquially as the Big Owe (a play on the stadium nickname, the Big O, for the shape of its opening). It's expected that in the fall of 2006, Montreal will finish paying its Olympic debt. For the 1976 Olympics, Montreal expanded the Montreal Metro rapid mass transit system first built for Expo 67.

The Olympics after Montreal

Following the news of the massive financial losses of the Montreal Games, few cities wished to host the Olympics. This was seen as a major threat to the future of the Olympic Games, and was not until the financially successful 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles that cities began to line up to be hosts again. The Los Angeles and Montreal Games are seen as examples of what to do and not to do when organizing the Olympics, and serve as object lessons to prospective host cities. Since then, additional object lessons have been drawn from Atlanta in 1996 (the need to avoid commercialization) and Athens in 2004 (the need to organize and build to schedule).

The capital of the host province of the Olympics, Quebec City, was a candidate city of the 2002 Winter Olympics. It lost to Salt Lake City. The cost overruns in Montreal 1976 games were a factor in Quebec City's loss.[1]

See also

• 1976 Summer Paralympics
• International Olympic Committee
• IOC country codes
• 1976 in Canada

Olympics with significant boycotts

• 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal, Quebec, Canada — African boycott
• 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow, Russia, USSR — US-led boycott
• 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles, California, USA — Soviet-led boycott

Notes and references

1. ^ ^{a b c} Athletes from Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia competed on July 18-20 before these nations withdrew from the Games.
2. ^ Africa and the XXIst Olympiad. Olympic Review. IOC (1976). Retrieved on April 03, 2006.
3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3555000/3555450.stm

External links

• IOC Site on 1976 Summer Olympics
• 1976: African countries boycott Olympics
• Official site by senior members of the Montreal Games Organizing Committee

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