Amarna letters
The designation Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence") denotes an archive of correspondence, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. The letters were found at Amarna, the modern name for the capital of the Egyptian New Kingdom, primarily from the reign of pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten (1369 - 1353 BC). The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, being mostly written in Akkadian cuneiform on clay tablets. The known tablets currently total 382 in number, 24 further tablets having been recovered since the Norwegian Assyriologist Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon's landmark edition of the Amarna correspondence, Die El-Amarna Tafeln in two volumes (1907 and 1915).
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The Letters
These letters, consisting of cuneiform tablets mostly written in Akkadian — the language of diplomacy for this period — were first discovered by local Egyptians around 1887, who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city (they were originally stored in a building archaeologists have since called the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh) and then sold them on the antiquities market. Once the location where they were found was determined, the ruins were explored for more. The first archaeologist who successfully recovered more tablets was William Flinders Petrie in 1891-92, who found 21 fragments. Émile Chassinat, then director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo, acquired two more tablets in 1903. Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments of tablets have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.
The tablets originally recovered by the natives have been scattered among museums in Cairo, Europe and the United States: 202 or 203 are at the Vorderasiatischen Museum in Berlin; 49 or 50 at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo; seven at the Louvre; three at the Moscow Museum; and one is currently in the collection of the Oriental Institute in Chicago.
The full archive, which includes correspondence from the preceding reign of Amenhotep III as well, contained over three hundred diplomatic letters; the remainder are a miscellany of literary or educational materials. These tablets shed much light on Egyptian relations with Babylonia, Assyria, the Mitanni, the Hittites, Syria, Canaan, and Alashiya (Cyprus). They are important for establishing both the history and chronology of the period. Letters from the Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil I anchor the timeframe of Akhenaten's reign to the mid-14th century BC. Here was also found the first mention of a Near Eastern group known as the Habiru, whose possible connection with the Hebrews remains debated. Other rulers include Tushratta of Mittani, one Lib'ayu (whom David Rohl has argued should be identified with the Biblical king Saul), and the querulous king Rib-Hadda of Byblos, who in over 58 letters continuously pleads for Egyptian military help.
Chronology
William L. Moran summarizes the state of the chronology of these tablets as follows:
- Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended.
From internal evidence, the earliest possible date for any of this correspondence is late in the reign of Amenhotep III (possibly as early as his 30th regnal year); the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of Amarna, commonly believed to have happened in the first year of the reign of Tutankhamun. (However, Moran notes that some authorities believe one tablet – EA 16 – may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor Ay.)
See also
- Abdi-Heba
- Labaya
- Ashur-uballit I
- See the town of "Lakiša", Lachish, for "find" of one tablet, EA 333.
Bibliography
Translations
- William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4251-4
Research and Analysis
- Goren, Y., Finkelstein, I. & Na’aman, N., Inscribed in Clay - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. ISBN 965-266-020-5
External links
- Encylopedia of el-Amarna Contains summaries of the letters.
- Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets - University of Tel Aviv web page
Categories
Amarna Period | Historical documents | Akkadian literature | Ancient Near East