Andragogy

Andragogy, a term originally used by Alexander Kapp (a German educator) in 1833, was developed into a theory of adult education by the American educator, Malcolm Knowles , (April 24, 1913 -- November 27, 1997).

Knowles held that andragogy (from the Greek words meaning "adult-leading") should be distinguished from the more commonly used pedagogy (Greek: "child-leading").

Knowles' theory can be stated as four simple postulates [1]and [2]:

1. Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction (Self-concept and Motivation to learn).
2. Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for learning activities (Experience).
3. Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life (Readiness to learn).
4. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented (Orientation to learning).

Knowles' work (most notably the book Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers, published in 1975) has been controversial. To some, his proposed system states the obvious, to others, he has merely proposed an adaptation of existing child-learning theories.

The term has been used by some to allow a discussion of the difference between self directed and 'taught' education. However as the attitudes of society towards young people change, the differences in educational methods will tend to diminish. (Self directed education is encouraged in earlier age groups).

The Learning Plan and the ePortfolio are emerging as important tools that adults can use to manage their own learning.

See also

• Educational psychology
• Educational technology
• Martin University

References

• Knowles, M. (1975). Self-Directed Learning. Chicago: Follet. ISBN 0-8428-2215-1
• Knowles, M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (3rd Ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing. ISBN 0-88415-115-8
• Knowles, M. (1984). Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-608-21794-8

External links

• One of several useful pages on learning theories from the Theory into Practice Database
• Knowles' Curriculum Vita
• Biography of Knowles from Informal Education Encyclopaedia of lifelong learning
• Statement of principles by Dr. Knowles
• Description of Andragogy from the encyclopaedia of informal education and lifelong learning

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