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Certified Public Accountant

"CPA" redirects here. For other uses, see CPA (disambiguation).

Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) are qualified accountants in the United States who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA. In most U.S. states, only CPAs who are licensed are able to provide to the public, attestation (including auditing) opinions on financial statements. The exceptions to this rule are Arizona, Kansas, North Carolina and Wyoming, where although the "CPA" designation is restricted, the practice of auditing is not.

Many states prohibit the use of the designations "Certified Public Accountant" or "Public Accountant" (or the abbreviations "CPA" or "PA") by a person who is not certified as a CPA in that state. According to the National Society of Accountants, the "public accountant" does exist nationwide subject to certain exceptions. However the majority of states have closed the designation "Public Accountant" to new entrants.

While CPAs are known by the general public in part for their business consultants, finance and tax expertise, as well as for "doing the books" of small organizations, they are uniquely educated for the attestation function discussed above. Because accountants are educated on the foundational levels of a business, they are commonly called upon for general business knowledge. Increasingly, CPAs are employed by corporations in finance functions such as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) or finance manager, or CPAs are employed as CEOs subject to their full business knowledge and practice, and do not provide services directly to the public.

Although some CPAs serve as business consultants, the consulting role is under scrutiny following the corporate climate in the aftermath of the Enron scandal. This has resulted in divestitures in the consulting divisions by many accounting firms. In audit engagements, CPAs are (and have always been) required by professional standards and Federal and State laws to maintain independence (both in fact and in appearance) from the entity they are conducting an attestation (audit and review) engagement. However, most individual CPAs who work as consultants do not work as auditors, or vice versa.


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An Extensive Range of Services Provided

Since CPAs are independent business advisers, they are in a position to help the clients build and develop their businesses. CPAs can offer an extensive range of services. Some of the types of services they may offer are listed below.

1. Audit, Assurance and Information Integrity

Provide a variety of services that improve and assure the quality of information, or its context, for business decision-making. And also be ensuring that financial statements reflect fairly the financial performance of the company.

2. Management Consulting and Performance Management

Provide advice and insight on the financial and non-financial performance of an organization's operational and strategic processes through broad business knowledge and judgment.

3. Technology Services

Provide services that leverage technology to improve objectives and decision-making including business application processes, system integrity, knowledge management, system security, and integration of new business processes and practices.

4. Financial Planning

Provide a variety of services to organizations and individuals that interpret and add value by utilizing a wide range of financial information. These include everything from tax planning and financial statement analysis to structuring investment portfolios and complex financial transactions.

5. Financial Analysis

Evaluating financial information to assess liquidity, solvency and stability issues of a firm and provide meaningful information which serve as the basis for management to make informed decisions.

6. International Services & Accounting

Provide services to support and facilitate commerce in the global market. Moreover, companies adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) need accountants to help reconcile IFRS with U.S. GAAP. Professionals with knowledge of U.S. GAAP who work well in an international environment are increasingly in demand.

7. Environmental Accounting

Addressing how companies can be both environmentally responsible and profitable. This includes focusing on a variety of projects like environmental compliance audits and managing and preventing claims and disputes.

8. Forensic Accounting

Preventing, detecting, and investigating financial frauds such as embezzlement, securities fraud, tax evasion, and money-laundering schemes. Demand for this specialty has grown significantly as a result of recent corporate scandals.

9. General Accounting

Processing journal entries, performing account analysis and reconciliation, and preparing payroll, sales, and use tax, and other local tax filings.

CPA exam

Main article: Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination

In order to become a U.S. CPA, it is mandatory to sit for and pass the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (Uniform CPA Exam), which is set by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and administered by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy.

Eligibility to sit for the Uniform CPA Exam is determined by individual State Boards of Accountancy. Typically the requirement is a U.S. bachelors degree in accounting with an additional 1 year study. This requirement for 5 years study is known as the "150 hour rule" and has been adopted by the majority of state boards, although there are still some exceptions. (for instance, Delaware).

However, Colorado State Board of Accountancy allows Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), together with Chartered Accountants from eligible jurisdictions that are automatically eligible to sit for the Uniform CPA Exam as a Colorado candidate.

Certain overseas qualified accountants seeking to become U.S. CPAs may be eligible to sit for the International Qualification Examination as an alternative to the Uniform CPA Exam.

Other licensing and certification requirements

Although the CPA exam is uniform, licensing and certification requirements are imposed separately by each state's laws and vary only by state.

State requirements for the CPA qualification can be summed up as the Three Es - Education, Examination and Experience. The Education requirement normally must be fulfilled as part of the eligibility criteria to sit for the Uniform CPA and the Examination component is the Uniform CPA itself.

Two tier states

Some states have a 2 tier system where by an individual would first become certified as a CPA -- usually by passing the CPA exam. That individual would then later be eligible to be licensed once a certain amount of work experience is accomplished. Most states, however, have a 1 tier system whereby an individual would be certified and licensed at the same time when both the CPA exam is passed and the work experience requirement has been met.

Two-tier states include Illinois, Montana, Florida and Nebraska. However the trend is for 2-tier states to gradually move towards a 1-tier system. Since 2002, the State Boards of Washington and South Dakota have ceased issuing CPA certificates, and Illinois plans to follow suit in 2010.

Work experience requirement

The Experience component varies from state to state:

Ethics

Over 40 of the state boards now require applicants for CPA status to complete a special examination on ethics, which is effectively a Fourth E in terms of requirements to become a CPA. The majority of these will accept the AICPA self-study Professional Ethics for CPAs CPE course, however some states (notably California) set their own course, or specify a different requirement.

State laws

The Uniform CPA tests federal laws only, and as a rule, state laws and taxes are outside its scope. Most states do not yet require applicants for CPA status to pass any state-specific examination, however there are a few exceptions including the Utah Board of Accountancy

Continuing Professional Education

Most states require attendance for a minimum number of hours annually (often 40 hours annually or 80 hours biannually) for appropriate continuing professional education (CPE) to maintain a CPA license.

Two-tier states do not usually require CPE to maintain a CPA certificate. However, all members of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants must undertake CPE as a condition of AICPA membership.

Inter-state practice

An accountant is required to meet the legal requirements of any state in which he wants to practice. Also, the term "practice of public accounting" and similar terms are given definitions that vary from state to state. The practice of public accounting under state law often includes the signing of audit reports and the performance of other services, such as tax or management consulting, while holding oneself out as a CPA.

Most states will grant CPA status under reciprocity to a CPA licensed in another state. However this is not universal, and in particular, CPAs from states with less stringent educational requirements may not be able to benefit from these provisions. However, this does not affect those CPAs who do not plan to offer services directly to the public. Moreover, most states would grant the temporary practising rights to a CPA licensed in another state.

AICPA membership

The CPA designation is granted by individual state boards, not the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Hence, it is not obligatory for CPAs to become members of AICPA, although many do so. In order to become a full member of AICPA, it is mandatory to have a valid CPA certificate or license from one of the 55 U.S. state boards of accountancy, however some additional requirements apply.

However, many oversea countries only recognize the AICPA members with CPA certificates as the equivalent to the qualified accountants in their jurisdictions.

State CPA association membership

CPAs may also choose to become members of their local state association or society (also optional). Benefits of membership in a state CPA association range from deep discounts on seminars that qualify for continuing education credits to protecting the public and profession's interests by tracking and lobbying legislative issues that affect local state tax and financial planning issues.

CPAs who maintain state CPA society memberships are required to follow a professional code of conduct, further reassuring clients that they are an ethical business professional conducting a legitimate business where they can be trusted to handle confidential personal and business financial matters. State CPA associations also serve the community by providing information and resources about the CPA profession and welcome inquiries from students, business professionals and the public-at-large.

CPAs are not normally restricted to the state CPA society in which they reside or hold a license or certificate. Many CPAs, especially those who live near state borders or who hold CPA status in more than one state, may join more than one state CPA society.

International context

Many persons from outside the United States obtain the U.S. CPA designation through sitting for the Uniform CPA Exam or International Qualification Examination (IQEX). Due to the size of the U.S. accounting profession and the importance of U.S. accounting rules, many overseas accountants wish to obtain the U.S. CPA designation in addition to, or as an alternative to, a local qualification.

The designation Certified Public Accountant also exists as a public accounting designation in many overseas countries, unrelated to the U.S. CPA designation. These countries include:

See also

Categories


Professional titles | Professional Accountant | Accounting in the United States

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