Cooperative learning

	This article may not be compliant with the content policies of Wikipedia. To be compliant, it must be written from a neutral point of view and must not include unverifiable, unsuitable material, or original research.
Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

Cooperative learning was proposed in response to traditional curriculum-driven education. In cooperative learning environments, students interact in purposely structured heterogeneous group to support the learning of one self and others in the same group.

In online education, cooperative learning focuses on opportunities to encourage both individual flexibility and affinity to a learning community (Paulsen 2003). Cooperative learning seeks to foster some benefits from the freedom of individual learning and other benefits from collaborative learning. Cooperative learning thrives in virtual learning environments that emphasize individual freedom within online learning communities.

Cooperative learning explicitly builds cooperation skills by assigning roles to team members and establishing norms for conflict resolution via arbitration. Cooperative learning should also provide the means for group reflection and individual self-assessment.

"Cooperative learning (CL) is an instructional paradigm in which teams of students work on structured tasks (e.g., homework assignments, laboratory experiments, or design projects) under conditions that meet five criteria: positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, appropriate use of collaborative skills, and regular self-assessment of team functioning. Many studies have shown that when correctly implemented, cooperative learning improves information acquisition and retention, higher-level thinking skills, interpersonal and communication skills, and self-confidence (Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998)."

--Deborah B. Kaufman, Richard M. Felder, Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University

--Hugh Fuller, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University

Cooperative Learning and Technology

A natural outgrowth of cooperative learning is its pairing with technology that affords learners the chance to bridge distance and time.

Recently, with the advent of a Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) technology and the Internet, researchers on computer-mediated collaborative learning have suggested that the fusion of collaborative learning and CMC technologies is mutually beneficial, since CMC technologies remove many barriers to collaborative learning.

David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson's article 'Cooperation and Technology' go into detail about cooperative learning (its relationship with collaborative learning) and technology's potential to play a role in facilitating learning that takes place in group environments. What follows is a summary of that article.

Three Theoretical Perspectives

 Behavioral   Groups stimulate and punish   Groups offer more pros than they do cons.  Cognitive / Constructivist   Knowledge and Learning are social in nature.   Learning comes from figuring out unexpected occurrences together.  Social Interdependence   Cooperative     Group as a 'dynamic whole'     Positive Tension     High levels of interaction   Competitive     Negative Tension

Four Types of Cooperative Learning

 Formal   Teacher-planned     Learners given explicit roles and goals.     Learners monitored.     Learners prompted to reflect on process, personal and group contributions.   Groups may exist for one class period or several weeks. Informal   Temporary groups with short-term goals.   Less structure... Base Groups   Long-term (months to a year)   General support for overall academic success Academic Controversy   Elicit controversy between students.   State case for each side   Withstand questioning from opposing viewpoint.   Come to consensus.

Grouping

Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Grouping

 Heterogeneous Groups   High Achievers never lose   Usually better   Male/Female pairs most off task Homogeneous Groups   Low Achievers fastest to quit   More interaction in all female groups than all male

Benefits of Cooperative Grouping

 Increased Self Efficacy Increased Retention Higher Motivation Preference for Future Coop-Learning Episodes

Building Better Groups

 Outcome Interdependence    Goal attainment depends on group Means Interdependence   Members carry out vital, distinct yet overlapping roles Individual Accountability   Feedback from members   When needed assistance   Reassign tasks to promote balance Task Complexity   Task is too complex for any single member to complete it.

Competing Paradigms

Cooperative vs. Collaborative learning

  Normally used interchangeably.  Collaborative learning can imply groups must come to consensus on a shared outcome.  Cooperative learning can imply more task or role structure than collaborative learning. 

Cooperative vs. Competitive Learning

  In Cooperative Learning, learners must work together in order to succeed and personal success only springs from group success.   In Competitive Learning, in order to succeed, other learners must fail.

See also

• Educational psychology
• Educational technology
• Learning by teaching

External links

• The Online Collaborative Learning in Higher Education web site contains links to articles, books, conferences, and other resources related to collaborative and cooperative learning.

References

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1996). Cooperation and the use of technology. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 1017-1044). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

McInnerney J and Roberts T S (2005), Collaborative and Cooperative Learning. In The Encyclopedia of Distance Learning, Volume 1: Online Learning and Technologies, Information Science Publishing, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 269-276, ISBN 1-59140-555-6.

Paulsen, M.F. (2003). Cooperative Freedom: An Online Education Theory. In Online Education and Learning Management Systems.

Categories

Find

Find