Education in Indonesia
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| Educational oversight Professor | Ministry of Education Bambang Sudibyo | |
| National education budget | US$ 4.18 billion (2006) | |
| Primary language(s) of education | Indonesian | |
| Curriculum system Competency-based curriculum | October 14, 2004 | |
| Literacy (2002) • Men • Women | 87.9 % 92.5 % 83.4 % | |
| Enrollment • Primary • Secondary • Post-secondary | ' 31.8 million 18.6 million | |
| Attainment • Secondary diploma • Post-secondary diploma | ||
| [1] [2] | ||
Education in Indonesia is the responsibility of the Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (Departmen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia/Depdiknas). Education in Indonesia was previously the responsibility of the Ministry of National Education and Culture of Indonesia (Departmen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia/Depdikbud). In Indonesia, every citizen has to have 9 years of education, 6 years at elementary level and 3 in middle school.
Contents |
Laws
Indonesian Constitution
"Every citizen shall have the right to obtain education and the government shall establish and conduct a national education system which shall be regulated by the state. Struggling under the shift of political system and economic structure, and the shift from centralized concentration of power development to decentralization, the government of Indonesia through the Ministry of National Education has done efforts to maintain the existing education development achievement, to prepare high quality of human resources, and to make some adjustment toward the national education system in line with the implementation of decentralization."
Law No. 2/1989
Previously, education in Indonesia was regulated under the Law No. 2/1989. However, with the changes in Indonesian life, the law was changed in 2003 with the Law No. 23/2003 about National Education System.
Law No. 20/2003
Based on the correct constitution, education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and education process so that the student may actively develop his/her own potential to gain the religious and spiritual level, self-consciousness, personality, intelligent, behaviour and creativity to him/herself, other citizens and for the nation. The constitution also noted that education in Indonesia is divided into two major parts, formal and non-formal. A formal education is divided again into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Current structure
Primary education
Early childhood
From birth until the age of 5, Indonesian children do not generally have access to formal education. From the age of 5 to 6 or 7, they attend kindergarten (Taman Kanak-kanak). This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizen, as most of the intention of this is to prepare them for primary school. These days, most kindergartens are owned by a private school, with more than 49 thousands kindergartens, 99.35% of the total kindergartens in Indonesia[1]. The kindergarten years are usually divided into 2, "Class A" and "Class B" with a year of each class.
Elementary School
Children ages 7-12 attend Sekolah Dasar (SD) (literally Elementary School). This level of education is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, based on the national constitution. Quite different with kindergartens in Indonesia, the most elementary schools are owned by the government, or public school, with 93% of all elementary schools[2]. Similar to education in the U.S. and Australia, all students have to study for 6 years to pass this level, although some schools have offered an acceleration program, where students can finish the elementary school for just 5 years. This can be done with students with a higher intelligence quotient or IQ.
Middle School
Middle School, generally known by the acronym 'SMP' (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of primary education in Indonesia. Students attend Middle School for three years from the age of 13-15. After three years of schooling and graduation, students may move on to High School or College, or cease formal education. There are around 22,000 schools in Indonesia with a balanced ownership between public and private sector[3].
High School
Based on the national constitution, Indonesian citizens do not have to attend high school as the citizens only require 9 years of education. This is also reflected by the number of high schools in Indonesia, with just slightly below 9,000 schools[4].
Tertiary education
After graduation from High school or college, students may attend a university.
History
The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to the current structure, with the following levels:
- ELS (Dutch: Europeesche Lagere School) - Primary School
- MULO (Dutch: Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) - Middle School
- AMS (Dutch: Algeme(e)ne Middelbare School) - High School or College
By the 1930s, the Dutch had introduced limited formal education to nearly every province of the Dutch East Indies.
References
- ^ Kindergarten statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/TK_0405.htm
- ^ Elementary school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SD_0405.htm
- ^ Middle school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SMP_0405.htm
- ^ High school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SMA_0405.htm
See also
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Education in Indonesia