Humor
- This article discusses humor in terms of comedy and laughter. For other meanings, see Humor (disambiguation)
Humor is the ability or quality of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy.
The origin of the term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humors (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally: juice or sap, metaphorically: flavor) controlled human health and emotion.
A sense of humor is the ability to experience humor, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including, but not limited to geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, and context. For example, young children (of any background) particularly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows. Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humor, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.
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Styles of humor
Verbal
- Black comedy
- Caustic humor
- Droll humor
- Deadpan
- Gallow's humor
- Non-sequitur
- Obscenity
- Parody
- Mockery, such as the Darwin Awards
- Sarcasm
- Satire
- Self-irony / Self-deprecation
- Wit, as in many one-liner jokes
Nonverbal
- Anti-humor
- Deadpan
- Form-versus-content humor
- Slapstick
- Surreal humor or absurdity
- Practical joke: luring someone into a humorous position or situation and then laughing at their expense
Specific techniques for evoking humor
Humor is a branch of rhetoric, and there are about 200 tropes that can be used to make jokes.
Verbal
- Figure of speech
- Inherently funny words with sounds that make them amusing in the language of delivery
- Irony, where a statement or situation implies both a superficial and a concealed meaning which are at odds with each other.
- Joke
- Adages, often in the form of paradox "laws" of nature, such as Murphy's law
- Stereotyping, such as blonde jokes, lawyer jokes, racial jokes, viola jokes.
- Sick Jokes, arousing humor through grotesque, violent or exceptionally cruel scenarios
- Riddle
- Word play
Nonverbal
- Bathos
- Exaggerated or unexpected gestures and movements
- Inflicting pain, such as kick in the groin
- Character driven, deriving humor from the way characters act in specific situations, without punchlines. Exemplified by The Larry Sanders Show and Curb Your Enthusiasm.
- Clash of context humor, such "fish out of water"
- Comic sounds
- Deliberate ambiguity and confusion with reality, often performed by Andy Kaufman
- Unintentional humor, that is, making people laugh without intending to (as with Ed Wood's Plan 9 From Outer Space)
- Funny pictures: Photos or drawings/caricatures that are intentionally or unintentionally humorous.
- Sight gags
- Visual humor[citation needed]: Similar to the sight gag, but encompassing narrative in theatre or comics, or on film or video.
Understanding humor
Some claim that humor cannot or should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said that "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made, as follow.
The term "humor" as formerly applied in comedy, referred to the interpretation of the sublime and the ridiculous. In this context, humor is often a subjective experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy.
Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the breaking of those expectations leads to laughter (This is true for many emotions, and is not limited to laughter)[citation needed]. Irony is explicitly this form of comedy, whereas slapstick takes more passive social norms relating to physicality and plays with them[citation needed]. In other words, comedy is a sign of a 'bug' in the symbolic make-up of language, as well as a self-correcting mechanism for such bugs[citation needed]. Once the problem in meaning has been described through a joke, people immediately begin correcting their impressions of the symbols that have been mocked. This is one explanation why jokes are often funny only when told the first time.
Another explanation is that humor frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist. This, however, does not explain why people being humiliated and verbally abused, without it being unexpected or a shift in perspective, is considered funny - ref. The Office.
Another explanation is that the essence of humor lies in two ingredients; the relevance factor and the surprise factor. First, something familiar (or relevant) to the audience is presented. (However, the relevant situation may be so familiar to the audience that it doesn't always have to be presented, as occurs in absurd humor, for example). From there, they may think they know the natural follow-through thoughts or conclusion. The next principal ingredient is the presentation of something different from what the audience expected, or else the natural result of interpreting the original situation in a different, less common way (see twist or surprise factor). For example:
| A man speaks to his doctor after an operation. He says, "Doc, now that the surgery is done, will I be able to play the piano?" The doctor replies, "Of course!" The man says, "Good, because I couldn't before!" |
Both explanations can be put under the general heading of "failed expectations". In language, or a situation with a relevance factor, or even a sublime setting, an audience has a certain expectation. If these expectations fail in a way that has some credulity, humor results. It has been postulated that the laughter/feel good element of humor is a biological function that helps one deal with the new, expanded point of view: a lawyer thinks differently than a priest or rabbi (below), a banana peel on the floor could be dangerous. This is why some link of credulity is important rather than any random line being a punchline.
For this reason, many jokes work in threes. For instance, a class of jokes exists beginning with the formulaic line "A priest, a rabbi, and a lawyer are sitting in a bar..." (or close variations on this). Typically, the priest will make a remark, the rabbi will continue in the same vein, and then the lawyer will make a third point that forms a sharp break from the established pattern, but nonetheless forms a logical (or at least stereotypical) response. Example of a variation:
| A gardener, an architect, and a lawyer are discussing which of their vocations is the most ancient. The gardener comments, "My vocation goes back to the Garden of Eden, when God told Adam to tend the garden." The architect comments, "My vocation goes back to the creation, when God created the world itself from primordial chaos." They both look curiously at the lawyer, who asks, "And who do you think created the primordial chaos?" |
In this vein of thought, knowing a punch line in advance, or some situation which would spoil the delivery of the punchline, can destroy the surprise factor, and in turn destroy the entertainment value or amusement the joke may have otherwise provided. Conversely, a person previously holding the same unexpected conclusions or secret perspectives as a comedian could derive amusement from hearing those same thoughts expressed and elaborated. That there is commonality, unity of thought, and an ability to openly analyse and express these (where secrecy and inhibited exploration was previously thought necessary) can be both the relevance and the surprise factors in these situations. This phenomenon explains much of the success of comedians who deal with same-gender and same-culture audiences on gender conflicts and cultural topics, respectively.
Notable studies of humor have come from the pens of Aristotle in The Poetics (Part V) and of Schopenhauer.
There also exist linguistic and psycholinguistic studies of humor, irony, parody and pretence. Prominent theoreticians in this field include Raymond Gibbs, Herbert Clark, Michael Billig, Willibald Ruch, Victor Raskin, Eliot Oring, and Salvatore Attardo. Although many writers have emphasised the positive or cathartic effects of humor some, notably Billig, have emphasised the potential of humor for cruelty and its involvement with social control and regulation.
A number of science fiction writers have explored the theory of humor. In Stranger in a Strange Land, Robert A. Heinlein proposes that humor comes from pain, and that laughter is a mechanism to keep us from crying. Isaac Asimov, on the other hand, proposes (in his first jokebook, Treasury of Humor) that the essence of humor is anticlimax: an abrupt change in point of view, in which trivial matters are suddenly elevated in importance above those that would normally be far more important.
Humor evolution
As any form of art, humor techniques evolve through time. Perception of humor varies greatly among social demographics and indeed from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.18th-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humor, the more you become demanding in fineness".
Humor formula
Required components:
- some surprise/misdirection, contradiction, ambiguity or paradox.
- appealing to feelings or to emotions.
- similar to reality, but not real
Methods:
Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture Funny Business, that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are:
- By being in an unusual place
- By behaving in an unusual way
- By being the wrong size
Most sight gags fit into one or more of these categories.
Humor is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humor is the laughing Buddha, who would answer all questions with a laugh[citation needed].
See also
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References
- Martin, Rod A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Mobbs, D., Greicius, M.D., Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V. & Reiss, A. L. Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron, 40, 1041 - 1048, (2003).
- Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humor. London: Sage.
- Daniele Luttazzi, Introduction to his italian translation of Woody Allen's trilogy Side Effects, Without Feathers and Getting Even (Bompiani, 2004, ISBN 88-452-3304-9 (57-65).
- Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et. al. "Humor, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language." It's a Funny Thing, Humor. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469-504.
- Holland, Norman. "Bibliography of Theories of Humor." Laughing: A Psychology of Humor. Ithaca: Cornell U P, 1982. 209-223.
- McGhee, Paul E. "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2 (1984): 37-57.
- Mintz, Lawrence E. Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988.
- Pogel, Nancy, and Paul P. Somers Jr. "Literary Humor." Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1-34.
- Nilsen, Don L. F. "Satire in American Literature." Humor in American Literature. New York: Garland, 1992. 543-48.
External links
- Dictionary of the History of ideas: Sense of the Comic
- Humor at the Open Directory Project
- Humor reference guide: a comprehensive classification and analysis
- A collection of interviews with standup comedians
- Neural correlates of humor detection and appreciation (pdf)
Categories
Articles with unsourced statements | Articles lacking sources from October 2006 | All articles lacking sources | Humor | Virtues