India as an emerging superpower
- For more information on the topic see Emerging superpowers and Superpower
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The Republic of India is considered as one of the possible emerging superpowers of the world.[1][2][3][4] This potential is attributed due to several indicators, the primary ones being its demographic trends and a rapidly expanding economy. However the country suffers from many economic, social, and political problems that it must overcome before it can be considered a superpower. It is also not yet influential on the international stage compared to the United States or the former Soviet Union.
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Factors in favour
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Geographic factors
- Location - India, the 7th largest nation by area, lies at the north-central region of Indian Ocean - a zone with unprecedented potential for growth in the scale of transoceanic commerce, with many Eurasian, and increasingly, Afro-Asian sea-trade routes passing through or close to Indian territorial waters. The subcontinent's land and water resources, though strained, is yet sustaining its massive population.
- Possible future advantage of location -
- Energy - In the future, the world is expected to enter the "renewable-energy age" or "fusion age", if and whenever the technology becomes economically sustainable.[5][6][7] Being a region in the sunny tropical belt, the Indian Subcontinent could greatly benefit from a renewable energy trend, as it has the ideal combination of both - high solar insolation[8] and a big consumer base density.[9][10][11] Also, considering the costs of energy consumed for temperature control (a major factor influencing a regions energy intensity), cooling from excessive solar radiation will be energetically (and hence economically) cheaper than heating for the lack of it.[citation needed]
Demographic factors
- Big - India has the world's second largest population.[12] The government has attempted to control the population so as to avoid possible overpopulation. Results are encouraging, with some South Indian states slowing down their population growth to below 1%. [13]
- Youthful - Due to its high birth rate India has a young population compared to most aging nations. It has approximately 60% of its population below the age of 30. In addition, declining fertility is beginning to reduce the youth dependency rate which may produce a demographic dividend. In the coming decades, while some of the present power nations witness a decrease in workforce, India is expected to have an increase.[14] For example while Europe is well past its demographic window, the U.S. entered its in 1970 (lasting until 2015), China entered its in 1990 (will last until 2025), India won't enter its window until 2010 (lasting until 2050). Regionally South Asia is supposed to maintain the youngest demographic profile after Africa and Middle East, with the window extending up to 2070s. [15]
- Global Diaspora - More than 35 million Indians live across the globe.[16] Under fair opportunities, they have become socio-economically successful.[17]
- English - The importance of English in the 21st century is a topic of debate,[18][19][20] but the growing pool of non-native English speakers makes it the best contender for "Global language" status.[21][22] Incidentally, India has the world's largest English speaking/understanding population.[23] It claims one of the largest workforce of engineers, doctors and other key professionals, all comfortable with English.[24] It has the 2nd largest population of "fluent English" speakers, second only to the U.S., with estimates ranging from 150 to 250 million, and is expected to have the largest in coming decades.
Political factors
- Democratic Republicanism - India is the world's largest democratic republic, more than three times bigger than the next largest (U.S.). It has so far been successful, at least politically, especially considering its functionality in difficult ethnic composition.[25][26] The fact that India is a democracy has improved its relations with other democratic nations and significantly improved its ties with the majority of the nations in the developed world. [27]
- Candidate for Security Council - India has been pressing for permanent membership of the Security Council (as part of the G4 nations[28]) but without veto ability.[29]. It has received backing from the UK,[30] France[31] and Russia[32]. However, China[33] and the U.S[34] have not been supportive of the bid. With improved Indo-US relations, the US is expected by some to reconsider its stand.[35]
- Foreign relations - India has developed relationships with the present world powers like the EU,[36] the U.S.,[37] Russia, Japan and also with the African Union, the Arab World, Southeast Asia and Israel. In order to make the environment propitious for economic growth, India is improving its relations with China. It has also expanded its political influence in western nations and signed a civilian nuclear deal with the United States in March 2006.[38] It is also working to better relationships with Pakistan and Iran.[39]
- Role in international politics - Historically, India was one of the founding members of Non-Aligned Movement, and had good relationships with Soviet Union and the western world. It has played regional roles in South Asian affairs, e.g. its use of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in the Bangladesh Liberation War and in Sri Lanka. It took a leading initiative to improve relations between African and Asian countries. India is an active member of The Commonwealth and the WTO. The evolving economic integration politics in the West and in Asia is influencing the Indian mood to slowly swing in favour of integration with global economy.[40] Thus currently, India's political moves are increasingly being influenced by economic imperatives. New Delhi is also being observed to slowly, cautiously, and often hesitantly, step into the unchartered role of becoming one of the two major seats of political power in Asia,[41] the other being at Beijing.[42][43]
- Multipolarity - A new and controversial geopolitical strategy, being debated in the West, is whether India should be trusted/helped to become an economically strong democratic citizen of the world and be used to balance the powerful but non-democratic forces, to insure a more stable world. Generally speaking it is discussed in the context of adopting a policy of offshore balancing on the part of the United States. A new American strategy towards India has been indicated in George W. Bush's recent visit to the subcontinent.[44]
- Economic Growth - India's current economic growth (as the world's second-fastest growing major economy) has improved its standing on the world's political stage, even though it is still a developing country, but one that is showing strong development. Many nations are moving to forge better relationships with India.[45][46]
Economic factors
- Booming Economy - The economy of India is currently the world's fourth largest in terms of real GDP (PPP) after the USA, the People's Republic of China and Japan, and the second fastest growing major economy in the world, averaging at an annual growth rate of above 8%.[47] [48][49]. Its record growth was in the third quarter of 2003, when it grew higher than any other emerging economy at 10.4% [50] [51]. Interestingly, estimates by the IMF shows that by 2007 (see List of countries by GDP estimates for 2007 (PPP)), India will be the third largest economy in the world, overtaking the Japanese economy. Also the present growth rate is at 9.2%[52].
- Primary Sector - India, growing at 8% per year, is the world's second largest producer of food next to China. Food processing accounts for USD 69.4 billion as gross income.[53]
- Secondary Sector - India is still relatively a small player in manufacturing when compared to many world leaders. Some new trends suggest an improvement in future, since the manufacturing sector is growing at 11-12%.[54][55][56][57][58][59]
- Tertiary and Quaternary Sector - India currently has an expanding IT industry which is considered one of the best in the world. Some have begun to describe India as a technology superpower. [60][61] It is considered the World's Office and is leading in the Services Industry. This is mainly due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled, low cost, English speaking workforce.[62][63][64]
- Science/Tech - India is trying to develop more high skilled, English speaking people to fit in the future knowledge economy.[65][66] India is becoming one of the world's leading producers of computer software and with mushrooming R&D centres it is experiencing a steady revolution in science and technology.[67][68][69] A typical example of India's rising scientific endeavours is that it was the 3rd nation to found a National Space Agency called ISRO, after the USSR and the U.S. It was the third Asian nation to send satellites into space after China and Japan in 1970, starting with Aryabhata in 1975.[70][71] By 2008 it plans to send an unmanned mission to the Moon.[72][73][74] India is among the world leaders in remote sensing,[75] a technology coming to great use, among others, to Indian fishermen & farmers.[76] India is also trying to join international R&D projects - e.g. it has recently joined the European Galileo GPS Project[77] and the ITER for fusion energy club.[78] Some Indian educational and research institutions like IIT,[79] IIM, IISc, TIFR and AIIMS are among the world's best.
- Tourism - India, with its diverse and fascinating history has seen the creation of a booming tourism industry.[80] India is a historic place with a diverse history of over 5 millennia. Foreign visitors presently spend more than US $15.4 billion annually in India [81][82][83]. Many travellers find the cultural diversity an eye-opening experience, even when the hassles of life in developing India like inefficiency, pollution and overcrowding are having a negative effect.[84][85]. Monuments like the Taj Mahal are among the many attractions of this land.[86][87] As of 2006, Conde Nast Traveller ranked India the 4th most preferred travel destination.[80] 3.9 million tourists travelled to India in 2005, each spending approximately $1,470 per person, higher than that of France (the leading tourist destination in the world).[80] The Planning Commission expects there to be 5.8 million tourists travelling to India in 3 years time. The World Travel and Tourism Council believes India's tourism industry will grow at 10% per annum in the next decade, making it lead the world in terms of growth.[80] Tourism contributes 6% of India's GDP and employed 40 million people, making it a driving factor in India's economic growth.[80]
- Energy - To reduce the energy crisis, India is presently constructing ~ 9 civilian nuclear power reactors and several hydro-power stations.[88][89] Recently it also made a civilian nuclear energy deal with the US[90] and EU.[91] In recent years, India joined China to launch a vigorous campaign to acquire oil fields around the world and now has stake in several oil fields (in the Middle East and Russia).[92][93][94][95]
- Medical Services - "First World medical services at Third World prices". Indian Metros have emerged as the leading destination of medical tourism. Last year, an estimated 150,000 foreigners visited India for medical procedures, and the number is increasing at the rate of about 15 percent a year.[96]
- Mass transit system - India is in the process of developing modern mass rapid transit systems to replace its existing system which is seen as inadequate to cater to present and future urban requirements. A modern metro rail system is already in place in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Work is in progress or would be commencing shortly for developing similar mass transit system in cities of NOIDA, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Indore, Ahmedabad and Kochi.[97] Indore is leading the track by implementing world class GPS enabled, low floor buses in a Rapid Transport System. With growth in economy and technology, India is welcoming modernisation. The Indian rail network traverses the length and breadth of the country, covering a total length of 63,140 km (39,200 miles). It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world, transporting over 5 billion passengers and over 350 million tonnes of freight annually.[98] Its operations covers twenty-seven states and three Union territories and also links the neighbouring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, other public transport systems, such as buses are often not up to the standards followed in developed countries.[99]
Military factors
- Total Strength - The Indian Armed Forces, India's main defence organisation, consists of two main branches: the Military of India and the Indian Paramilitary Forces. The Military of India maintains the third largest active duty force in the world after the People's Republic of China and the United States, while the Indian Paramilitary Forces, over a million strong, is the second largest paramilitary force in the world. Combined, the total armed forces of India are 2,414,700 strong, the world's third largest defence force.
- Army - The Army of India, as the Indian army was called under British rule before 1947, played a crucial role in checking the advance of Imperial Japan into South Asia during World War II and the Axis powers in North Africa and Italy. Today, the Indian Army is the world's third largest army after China's People's Liberation Army and the United States Army.
- Air force - The Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world [100][101]. India recently flew its first indigenously manufactured combat aircraft. It is presently developing a fifth generation aircraft known as the Sukhoi Su-47 with Russia.
- Navy - The Indian Navy is the world's fifth largest navy [102]. It is considered to have blue-water capabilities with sophisticated missile-capable warships, aircraft carriers, minesweepers, advanced submarines and the latest aircraft in its inventory, along with a significant use of state of the art technology that is indigenously manufactured. [103] It operates one of only two Asian aircraft carriers. It also plans to induct two other aircraft carriers by 2008.
- Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) - The first successful use of missiles in history against a modern army, was by Indians against the British Army in the Mysore wars.[104] India started the IGMDP to be a self reliant nation in missile development. The IGMDP program includes five missiles.[105] The ballistic missiles like the Prithvi and Agni, surface to air missiles Trishul and Akash and also the anti tank Nag missile. Prithvi and Agni missiles are inducted into the armed forces and form the basis of Indian nuclear second strike capability. Trishul missile is declared a technology demonstrator. The Akash and Nag missiles are undergoing user trials. Recently a new weapons system the air-to-air Astra missile is added into the project. Astra is a BVR capable missile. The expertise in developing these missiles has helped Indian scientists to contribute to joint weapon development programs like the Brahmos and Barak-II. There are reports of India developing an Intercontinental ballistic missile named Surya (Sun). This missile is said to have a range of twelve thousand kilometers.[106]
- Nuclear Weapons - India possesses nuclear weapons since 1974, when it did the Pokharan I nuclear tests, and the means to deliver them over long distances. However, India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (on grounds of security concerns and that India condemns the NPT as discriminatory).[107][108]
- Arms Imports - India is currently one of the world's largest arms importers, spending an estimated US$16.97 billion in 2004. India has made military technology deals with the Russian Federation, the U.S., Israel and the EU. [109]
- Current major roles - The Indian Armed Forces plays a crucial role in anti-terrorist activities and maintaining law and order in the disputed Kashmir region. India has also participated in several United Nations peace-keeping missions, currently being the largest contributor to UN peace keeping force and is the largest contributor to the United Nations Democratic Fund, to which the USA, the world's only current superpower, contributes nothing.[110]
Cultural factors
- History - India is one of two ancient civilizations dating back to at least 5000 years which has stood the test of time and survived against often insurmountable odds. Indians invented the numbering system (mistakenly called Arabic numerals in the West), the concept of zero, basic algebra, the concept of grammar etc. India has a long history of cultural intercourse with many regions of the world and culturally dominated Asia until the arrival of the Western powers. Its cultural influence has spread through the philosophy of religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism -- particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Many religions with origins outside the Indian continent - Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í Faith - have found followers in India. Indian culture has spread to foreign lands through wandering traders, philosophers, migration and less through conquest.
- Past Experience of having Powerful states- The Maurya, Gupta, Mughal, Vijayanagara and Chola empires provide the necessary confidence that a powerful state can be established despite having diversity.
- Cinema - India's film industry produces more feature films than any other. [111] In a year, it sold 3.6 billion tickets, more than any other film industry in the world (In comparison, Hollywood sold 2.6 billion tickets in a year) [112]. The cinemas play a major role in spreading Indian culture worldwide. Indian cinema trancended its boundaries from the days of film Awara, a great hit in Russia. Indian films are also popular in eastern society including China.[113]
- Unity in diversity of world view - India has a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious society living together. The subcontinent's long and diverse history has given it a unique eclectic culture. It is often associated with spirituality. Thanks to its history of both indigenous and foreign influences - like the ancient Indian schools of thought (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, etc) and the ancient Western-Eurasian schools of thought (Abrahamic - Islam, Christianity, etc.) - the current Indian civilizational psyche is evolving into a complex mix of them - sometimes a superposition of religious philosophies with acceptance of the conflicting cosmologies, sometimes striking a middle ground, and sometimes taking the practical attitude - popular with the young - of "filtering the common best, and leaving the rest", thus leading to the creation of many syncretic mix of faiths (such as Sai Baba of Shirdi). Since independence, more progressive schools of thought, like - democracy, secularism, rule of law, esteem for human rights, rational deductive reasoning, development of Science and Technology, etc - are making slow but steady inroads into the collective modern Indian psyche. India's diversity forces it to evolve strong foundations of tolerance and pluralism, or face breakup. The Indian public is now also accepting modern western influences in their society and media - and what is emerging is a confluence of its past local culture with the new western culture ("Social Globalisation"). For some futuristic social thinkers, the miscegenation of diverse ancient culture with modernity, spirituality with science/technology, Eastern with Western world-view is potentially making India a social laboratory for the evolution of futuristic global-unity consciousness.[114][115][116]
- Soft Power - India, a melting pot of human ethnicities, languages, cultures, religions, ideologies and world view, has produced much cultural influence, and has the potential to re-enforce the massive influence on world culture through modern trends such as entertainment. If the subcontinents future evolves right, then it could even emerge as a soft super-power.
Points against the rise of India as a superpower
Political obstacles
- Cost of Democratic Republicanism - Democratic republicanism has its value,[117] more so in a multi-ethnic country like India [118]. However, the applicability of the "theoretical" virtues of republicanism on a country like India is sometimes questioned.[119][120][121] Some thinkers consider India's diverse democratic republic[122] to levy a huge tax on its economy [123] . The Indian government has to consider many interest groups before decision making. It is not uncommon to see in India how a few small vested interests can stall the development for many. However, it should be noted that India is relatively a much younger republic when compared to other major democratic republican powers.
- Insurgency - The Indian government has acknowledged that there has been a dramatic increase in support for the Maoists insurgency in the last decade.[124] Maoist rebels have increased their influence over the last 10 years, particularly in regions near Nepal. Maoists particularly target poor villages in India. The boom in Maoist support appears to have been boosted by the successes of the nearly 10-year-old Maoist rebellion in Nepal.
- Disputes - India's growth is impeded by disputes with its neighbouring potential superpower the People's Republic of China and nuclear power Pakistan (over some historical border issues and ideological issues) and disputes with Bangladesh (over water availability and the Farakka Dam). Because of the disputes, India's neighbours such as China and Pakistan remain distrustful towards India. It is also occasionally burdened with instability issues within some localised regions/smaller states of the subcontinent. In an effort to reduce political tension and increase economic cooperation, in recent years, India has improved its relations with its neighbouring countries [125].
- Lack of international representation - India is not a member of the UNSC, although currently it is one of the four-nations group actively seeking a permanent seat on the council. Thus India lacks the ability to extend its influence or ideas on international events in the way a superpower should.[126]
Economic obstacles
- Poverty - As of 2002, but no longer the case, India is home to the largest number of people living under two dollars a day (approx 25% of the population. living under the poverty line).[127][128][129][130] Poverty also begets child labour.[131] Various reforms, including mass employment schemes have been undertaken by the government to tackle this problem,[132][133] and India has been quite successful in reducing its share of poverty. This is given the fact that the number of people living on $1 a day has decreased by more than 20 million to less than 15 million, and $2 a day to about 32 million from 95 million, both income numbers that are higher being in 2001-2002. The lower numbers are as of fourth quarter 2005.[134]
- Infrastructure - The social infrastructure in India[135] such as roads, power grid, water, communications infrastructure, housing and education are often below standards, and not catching up with the tune of its economic progress. [136] Continued poor infrastructure might serve as a bottleneck to further economic development. The government is, however, improving the infrastructure to make it up to standards, such as expanding the freeway and highway system which is similar to China and the U.S., but still has significantly less number of miles than those countries.
- Disorganization - India's continual economic prosperity is also hindered by bad government and ubiquitous red tape[137] (‘Bureaucratic Raj'[138]). Retrogressive government regulations affect many areas. For example, in some states, black outs and power rationing are common due to underinvestment, differing state and local regulations, etc.
- Energy Dependence & Costs - India heavily depends on foreign oil - a phenomenon likely to continue until non-fossil/renewable energy technology becomes economically viable in the country.[139] To avert an energy crisis, India is desperately seeking alternate means of energy. India can sustain its growth to higher trajectories only by the co-operation of other countries. As for now, India is energetically expensive since India has to import over 70% of its energy,[140] thus making costs of comforts - like personal car or even air conditioning - extremely high. It is however, steadily combating its energy issues.
- Unemployment - India's growth in the services sector and Information Technology sector has not been matched through growth in manufacturing which can provide more jobs. Some claim that this sector may lose importance in the future. [141][142]
- Climate or Environment Problems - As a result of climate change the Gangotri Glacier, among others, is receding.[143][144] Also, of the 3 million premature deaths in the world that occur each year due to outdoor and indoor air pollution, the highest number are assessed to occur in India.[145]
- Health - India's health scenario is dismal with diseases and malnutrition have been constantly affecting the poorest quarter of the populace.[146][147][148] Mortality is still relatively high and the bane of AIDS is spreading quickly.[149][150] According to a report of United Nations Development Programme, India has the highest population living with AIDS/HIV and its economy might suffer a setback if it does not check the problem of the virus' spread.[151] It is estimated that India's economic growth will decline by 0.86 percentage annually if the AIDS problem is not properly dealt with. To improve the situation, a number of projects such as the building of hospital chains (like the Apollo Hospitals, amongst others) has laid the foundation for a health system that matches global standards, these hospitals are sometimes used by foreigners as a cheap yet effective source of health services. But much remains to be done for India's very poor.
- Low Literacy - As per the 2001 India census, the national literacy is only 65.2 percent,[152].[153] Literacy drive is spreading slowly to other states.[154] At current rates India will take no less than 20 years for a literacy of 95%.[155]
Cultural obstacles
- Social Issues - India has a diverse mix of various religions and races. The majority are Hindus by religion, followed by Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Bahaii and the list goes on. Though most religions in India have been practising religious tolerance in their histories, the partition and subsequent terrorism had created some degree of uneasiness among some. The uneducated masses of these various groups sometimes get at odds with one another.[156][157][158] However in recent years, relations between the different religious groups have considerably changed for better. For instance, a real chunk of India's celebrities - sporting legends, film stars, industrialists, artists, politicians, scientists, head-of-state, etc - have come from various non-majority roots, representing the emerging face of new diverse India.[159]
- Social Divide - The problem of India's social divide is often linked to its millenia-old caste system.[160] In an attempt to eliminate the caste system, the Indian government has introduced special quotas for low-caste Indians in educational institutions and jobs. The measure is with the motive of helping lower-caste Indians to pursue higher education and thereby elevate their standard of life. However, the system is often criticised about its effectiveness as so called creamy layer (rich among the lower caste) get non-needed advantage & leave other lower caste groups poor only.[161] [162] There also have been cases of reverse-discrimination and persecution of upper castes by lower castes [163][164].
See also
- Indosphere
- Economy of India
- Culture of India
- Foreign relations of India
- Tourism in India
- Military of India
- History of India
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- ^ http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=358
- ^ http://www.blonnet.com/2005/02/19/stories/2005021902920300.htm
- ^ http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/apr2005/ind1-a12.shtml
- ^ http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=VAR20060124&articleId=1792
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A49743-2004Oct20.html
- ^ Transport in India#Metro
- ^ Salient Features of Indian Railways. Figures as of 2002.
- ^ Transport in India#Buses
- ^ GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ Indian Air Force website
- ^ Project Seabird
- ^ Global Security The Indian Navy
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/History.html
- ^ http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html
- ^ http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/index.html
- ^ http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/nuke/
- ^ http://www.thebulletin.org/article_nn.php?art_ofn=so05norris
- ^ Rupe-India Organization
- ^ Indian Embassy
- ^ American Chronicle
- ^ Richard Emblin: Letter from India
- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1063542
- ^ http://www.auroville.org/economy/New_business_seminar05.htm
- ^ http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_malho_global.htm
- ^ http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/science__global_consciousness_.htm
- ^ http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/summer99/article.asp?id=3
- ^ Iranian Report on India
- ^ http://folk.uio.no/danbanik/phdthesis.htm
- ^ http://www.newint.org/issue324/seeking.htm
- ^ http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_100505a.html
- ^ http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5081267
- ^ IIMCAL (Kolkata)
- ^ VOA News
- ^ Xinhua Net
- ^ http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf#search='Is%20India%20a%20major%20power%20George%20Perkovich'
- ^ http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC106.htm
- ^ http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/07Mehta_Shah.pdf
- ^ http://www.unsiap.or.jp/participants_work/cos03_homepages/group4/boon-india-present.htm
- ^ http://www.indiastat.com/india/ShowData.asp?secid=221&ptid=8&level=2
- ^ http://www.wm.edu/so/monitor/spring98/docs/ChildLabor.html
- ^ http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-02/2006-02-02-voa17.cfm?CFID=12447537&CFTOKEN=67146007
- ^ http://www.indianchild.com/poverty_in_india.htm
- ^ http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/18wb.htm?zcc=rl
- ^ http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2006/02/india_infrastru.html
- ^ Business Week Magazine
- ^ http://www.bens.org/sw_ar030801.html
- ^ http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=2053
- ^ http://www.asia-studies.com/asia/Lowy/analysis/Hordern,%20Indias%20energy%20needs%20final%20rev%20v2.pdf
- ^ http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=358
- ^ Look out world, here come's booming India by Dick Morris
- ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020400320300.htm
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/10/09/stories/2005100900130200.htm
- ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/2002/200205299370.html
- ^ EIA India's Environmental Issues
- ^ http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=health&id=47798&callid=1
- ^ http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102005/683.pdf
- ^ http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijtwm/vol2n2/india.xml
- ^ http://www.avert.org/aidsindia.htm
- ^ http://www.undp.org.in/hivaids/
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060720/hl_afp/healthaidsindiaun_060720124655
- ^ University of Hamburg
- ^ Indian Census
- ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/06/wu.htm
- ^ New Scientist
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week538/cover.html
- ^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/rt_india.htm
- ^ http://capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1511
- ^ Milli Gazette
- ^ Express India
- ^ BBC News
- ^ India Daily
- ^ 'We Are Like The Jews: Politics apart, Brahmin-bashing is rampant in literary and cultural worlds too'
- ^ Are Brahmins the Dalits of Today?
External links
Articles
- India: Towards the Millennium Development Goals, UN
- The Changing Geopolitical Landscape by National Intelligence Council
- Prospects for China and India in the 21st Century, Marvin Cetron, World future Society Conference,2004.
- China and India Hold World in Balance
- India and the World: Balancing Agenda
- India: The next knowledge superpower
- A New World Economy by Businessweek
- China and India by Businessweek
- India: the Next Economic Giant, 2004, By Lowy Institute, Australia.
- Newsweek Coverpage on India
- Businessweek on India's attractiveness
- Socioeconomic statistics and demographics of Asians in America
- New World-Order Paradigm: The Best of the West Agrees It’s Moving East
- Relocating to India
- India, China, and the United States: A Delicate Balance
- Indian economy on take-off stage with demographic bonus
- Indian Economy Overview
- Made for India
- China and India - The Future of Investors
- A Race to the Future
- Indians on India Vision
- India Awakens by Michael Elliott (Time.com)
- What's Behind Asia's Gold Rush? A Health and Demographic analysis by Harvard School of Public Health
- Is India a science superpower?
- The New India, and the Old One
- China, India Superpower - Not so fast.
- India's Economic Contrasts
- Why India lags behind China
- Does demography advantage India?
- The end of Gandhi's dream: India's economic boom and bust
- Why Has China’s Economy Taken Off Faster than India’s? A Research Paper by Harvard and Tsingua University faculties, presented at Stanford Center for International Development
Books
- The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L.Friedman
- Three Billion New Capitalists by Clyde Prestowitz
- India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution from Independence to the Global Information Age by Gurcharan Das (ISBN 0-385-72074-2)
- India: An Investor’s Guide to the Next Economic Superpower by Aaron Chaze
- Social Problems in India/B.K. Prasad
- Energy Crisis in India by M. G. Mehetre
- India: Emerging Power by Stephen P. Cohen (ISBN 0-8157-1501-3)
- India 2020 by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Y.S. Rajan (ISBN 0-14-027833-8)
- India as an Emerging Power by Sumit Ganguly (ISBN 0-7146-8321-3)
Media
- World is Flat, T. Friedman, Colloquim Recording at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- One Land, two planets (listen)
Websites on international power
| Power in international relations | |
|---|---|
| Power statuses | Middle power | Regional power | Great power | Superpower | Hyperpower |
| Emerging superpowers | China | India | European Union |
| Future geopolitics | African Century | American Century | Asian Century | British Moment | Chinese Century | European Century | Indian Century | Pacific Century |
| Types of power | Soft power | Hard power | Political power | Power (sociology) | Power politics | Power projection | Polarity in international relations |
| Other | BRIC | BRIMC | BRICS | BRICET | Energy superpower | Second superpower | SCO |
Categories
Articles with unsourced statements | International relations