Arikah Map

List of European Union member states by political system


Contents

This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union is a confederation of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[1] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:

   
List of European Union member states by political system:List of European Union member states by political system
 Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:
   
List of European Union member states by political system:List of European Union member states by political system
List of European Union member states by political system:██ European Union (all "free") ██ "free" ██ "partly free" ██ "unfree" ██ not rated
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██ European Union (all "free") ██ "free" ██ "partly free" ██ "unfree" ██ not rated[3]

Consequently, all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be "free" according to the criteria of Freedom House.[3] As of 2006, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.

Many of the European Union's neighbour states are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[3] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" — and improving — by Freedom House, with the notable exceptions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the notable exception of Israel.[3]

Monarchism and republicanism

List of European Union member states by political system:██ monarchy ██ republic
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██ monarchy ██ republic
See also: Republicanism, Monarchism, and Monarchies in the European Union

At present, seven monarchies are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies, which means that the monarch does not influence the politics of the monarch's country. Either the monarch is legally prohibited from doing so, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. Public opinion is currently strongly in favour of keeping the monarchy in the remaining seven monarchies in the European Union, and there is currently no ongoing campaign with popular support to abolish monarchy in any of them.

Form of government

List of European Union member states by political system:██ presidential republic ██ semi-presidential republic ██ parliamentary republic ██ parliamentary constitutional monarchy
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██ presidential republic ██ semi-presidential republic ██ parliamentary republic ██ parliamentary constitutional monarchy
See also: Form of government

There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary system, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.

By definition, constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the eighteen republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and one is a semi-presidential republic (France).

Degree of self-governance

List of European Union member states by political system:██ unitary state ██ devolved state ██ federacy ██ federation
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██ unitary state ██ devolved state ██ federacy ██ federation
See also: Self-governance

Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):

Houses of parliament

List of European Union member states by political system:██ unicameral ██ bicameral
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██ unicameral ██ bicameral

A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature. While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. There is no clear trend towards either model as of 2006, and there's also no real common factor which determines whether a country's legislature is unicameral or bicameral, except for the fact that federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions' interests in national bills.

In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (as in Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (as in Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (as in Slovenia); or non-elected as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times (as in the United Kingdom).

Listed by form of government

State Government Head of state Head of government
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Austria Austria parliamentary federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident)[4] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[5]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Belgium Belgium parliamentary federal constitutional popular monarchy King (Koning / Roi / König)[6] Prime Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister)[7] [8]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Cyprus Cyprus presidential unitary republic President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı)[9]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Czech Republic Czech Republic parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezident)[10] Prime Minister (Předseda vlády)[11]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Denmark Denmark parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy Queen (Dronning)[12] Prime Minister (Statsminister)[13]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Estonia Estonia parliamentary unitary republic President (President)[14] Prime Minister (Peaminister)[15]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Finland Finland parliamentary federate republic President (Presidentti / President)[16] Prime Minister (Pääministeri / Statsminister)[17]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of France France semi-presidential federate republic President (Président)[18] Prime Minister (Premier ministre)[19]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Germany Germany parliamentary federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident)[20] Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)[21] [22]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Greece Greece parliamentary unitary republic President (Πρόεδρος)[23] Prime Minister (Πρωθυπουργός)[24]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Hungary Hungary parliamentary unitary republic President (Köztársasági Elnök)[25] Prime Minister (Miniszterelnök)[26]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Republic of Ireland Ireland parliamentary unitary republic President (Uachtarán)[27] Taoiseach[28]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Italy Italy parliamentary unitary republic President (Presidente)[29] Prime Minister (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri)[30] [31]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Latvia Latvia parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezidente)[32] Prime Minister (Premjerministrs)[33]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Lithuania Lithuania parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezidentas)[34] Prime Minister (Ministras Pirmininkas)[35]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy Grand Duke (Grand-duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog)[36] [37] Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister)[36] [37]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Malta Malta parliamentary unitary republic President (President)[38] Prime Minister (Prim Ministru)[39]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Netherlands Netherlands parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy Queen (Koningin)[40] Prime Minister (Minister-president)[41]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Poland Poland parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezydent)[42] Prime Minister (Prezes Rady Ministrów)[43]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Portugal Portugal parliamentary unitary republic President (Presidente)[44] [45] Prime Minister (Primeiro-Ministro)[46]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Slovakia Slovakia parliamentary unitary republic President (Prezident)[47] Prime Minister (Predseda vlády)[48]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Slovenia Slovenia parliamentary unitary republic President (Predsednik)[49] Prime Minister (Predsednik vlade)[50]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Spain Spain parliamentary devolved constitutional monarchy King (Rey)[51] President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)[52]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Sweden Sweden parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy King (Kung)[53] Prime Minister (Statsminister)[54]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of United Kingdom United Kingdom parliamentary federate and devolved constitutional monarchy Queen[55] Prime Minister[56]

Listed by type of parliament

State Unicameral /
bicameral 		Overall name of legislature
Lower house (members) Upper house (members)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Austria Austria bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung)[57]
National Council (Nationalrat)[57] (183) Federal Council (Bundesrat)[57] (62)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Belgium Belgium bicameral[I] Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement Fédérale / Föderales Parlament)
Chamber of People's Representatives
(Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers /
Chambre des Représentants /
Abgeordnetenkammer)[58] [59] (150) 		Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat)[60] (71)[II]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Cyprus Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi)[61] (59)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Czech Republic Czech Republic bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna)[62] (200) Senate (Senát)[63] (81)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Denmark Denmark unicameral Parliament (Folketinget)[64] (179)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Estonia Estonia unicameral State Council (Riigikogu)[65] (101)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Finland Finland unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta / Riksdag)[66] (200)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of France France bicameral Parliament (Parlement) / Congress (Congrès)[67]
National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)[68] (577) Senate (Sénat)[69] [70] (331)[III]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Germany Germany bicameral —[IV]
Federal Diet (Bundestag)[71] (614)[V] Federal Council (Bundesrat)[72] (69)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Greece Greece unicameral Assembly of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων)[73] (300)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Hungary Hungary unicameral National Assembly (Országgyűlés)[74] (386)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Republic of Ireland Ireland bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas)[75]
Meeting (Dáil)[75] (166) Senate (Seanad)[75] (60)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Italy Italy bicameral Parliament (Parlamento)[76] [77]
Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)[78] (630) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica)[79] [77] (315)[VI]
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Latvia Latvia unicameral Parliament (Saeima)[80] (100)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Lithuania Lithuania unicameral Parliament (Seimas)[81] (141)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten)[82] [83] (60)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Malta Malta unicameral House of Representatives (il-Kamra tar-Raprezentanti)[84] (65)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Netherlands Netherlands bicameral States–General (Staten–Generaal)[85]
Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer)[86] (150) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer)[87] (75)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Poland Poland bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)
Parliament (Sejm)[88] (460) Senate (Senat)[89] (100)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Portugal Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República)[90] (230)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Slovakia Slovakia unicameral National Council (Národná rada)[91] (150)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Slovenia Slovenia bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
National Assembly (Državni zbor)[92] (90) National Council (Državni svet)[93] (40)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Spain Spain bicameral General Courts (Cortes Generales)
Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)[94] (350) Senate (Senado)[95] (259)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of Sweden Sweden unicameral Diet (Riksdagen)[96] (349)
List of European Union member states by political system:Flag of United Kingdom United Kingdom bicameral Parliament[97]
House of Commons[97] (646) House of Lords[97] (713)

Notes

I↑ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Brussels Regional Parliament (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament)[98] [99] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[100] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[101] [102] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[103] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[104] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
II↑ : In addition to the 71 elected senators, the ruling monarch's children (or, in case there are none, her or his siblings) are also entitled to sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 18 and entitled to vote after reaching the age of 21 as senators by law (senator van rechtswege / sénateur de droit / Senator von Rechts wegen), although they do not use the right to vote by constitutional convention. There are currently three such senators.
III↑ : The number of Senators will gradually increase to 341 in 2008 and 346 in 2011 to reflect changes in French demography.
IV↑ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
V↑ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 members; the additional sixteen seats are overhang seats.
VI↑ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently six senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian Presidents, who are ex officio senators for life, as well as a senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.



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