Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre (Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Ṣur, Hebrew צור Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew צר Ṣōr, Akkadian Ṣurru, Greek Τύρος Týros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. With 117,100 inhabitants, Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about 23 miles north of Acre, and 20 miles south of Sidon. The name of the city means "rock" [1]. The adjective for Tyre is Tyrian, and the inhabitants are Tyrians.
Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city. Today it is the fourth largest city in Lebanon [1] and houses one of the nation's major ports. Tyre is a popular destination for tourists. The city has many ancient sites, including its Roman Hippodrome which was was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 (Resolution 459).[2]
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History
"The location of the city of Tyre is not in doubt, for it exists to this day on the same spot and is known as Sur." (Katzenstein, H.J., The History of Tyre, 1973, p9) Tyre originally consisted of two distinct urban centers, one on an island and the other on the adjacent coast (approximately 30 stadia apart or 3.5 miles according to Strabo in his Geography xvi, 2), before Alexander the Great connected the island to the coast during his siege of the city. One was a heavily fortified island city amidst the sea (with defensive walls 150 feet high)[2] and the latter, originally called Ushu (later, Palaetyrus, by the Greeks) was actually more like a line of suburbs than any one city and was used primarily as a source of water and timber for the main island city. [3] Josephus even records them fighting against each other [4], although most of the time they supported one another due to the island city’s wealth from maritime trade and the mainland area’s source of timber, water and burial grounds.
Foundation
Tyre appears on monuments as early as 1300 BC, although according to Herodotus, it was founded around 2700 BC. Philo of Byblos (in Eusebius) quotes the antiquarian authority Sanchuniathon as stating that it was first occupied by one Hypsuranius. Sanchuniathon's work is said to be dedicated to "Abibalus king of Berytus" -- possibly the Abibaal who was king of Tyre.[5]
Early history
The commerce of the ancient world was gathered into the warehouses of Tyre. "Tyrian merchants were the first who ventured to navigate the Mediterranean waters; and they founded their colonies on the coasts and neighbouring islands of the Aegean Sea, in Greece, on the northern coast of Africa, at Carthage and other places, in Sicily and Corsica, in Spain at Tartessus, and even beyond the pillars of Hercules at Gadeira (Cádiz)" (Driver's Isaiah).[citation needed]
In the time of David (c. 1000 BC), a friendly alliance was entered into between the Hebrews and the Tyrians, who were long ruled over by their native kings.
The city of Tyre was particularly known for the production of a rare sort of purple dye, known as Tyrian purple. This color was, in many cultures of ancient times, reserved for the use of royalty, or at least nobility.
It was often attacked by Egypt, besieged by Shalmaneser V, who was assisted by the Phoenicians of the mainland, for five years, and by Nebuchadnezzar (586–573 BC) for thirteen years, without success, although a compromise peace was made in which Tyre paid tribute to the Babylonians. It later fell under the power of the Persians.
In 332 BC, the city was conquered by Alexander the Great, after a siege of seven months in which he built the causeway from the mainland to the island, but it continued to maintain much of its commercial importance until the Christian era.
In 315 BC, Alexander's former general Antigonus begins his own siege of Tyre[3], taking the city a year later[4].
In 126 BC, Tyre regained its independence[5] (from the Seleucids) and was allowed to remain free when the surrounding area became a Roman province in 64 BC[6].
Later history
A congregation was founded here soon after the death of Saint Stephen, and Paul of Tarsus, on his return from his third missionary journey, spent a week in conversation with the disciples there. According to Irenaeus of Lyons in Adversus Haereses, the female companion of Simon Magus came from here.
It was captured in 1124 after the First Crusade and was one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was part of the royal domain, although there were also autonomous trading colonies there for the Italian merchant cities. The city was the site of the archbishop of Tyre, a suffragan of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem; its archbishops often acceded to the Patriarchate. The most notable of the Latin archbishops was the historian William of Tyre.
After the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, the seat of the kingdom moved to Acre, but coronations were held in Tyre. In the 13th century, Tyre was separated from the royal domain as a separate crusader lordship. In 1291, it was retaken by the Mameluks which then was followed by Ottoman rule before the modern state of Lebanon was declared in 1920.
After 1920
Tyre was badly damaged in the late 1970s (Operation Litani) and early 1980s (1982 Lebanon War) during the war between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). The city was a used as a base by the PLO, and was nearly destroyed by Israeli artillery.[6] After Israel's 1982 invasion of southern Lebanon, the city was the site of an Israeli military post. In late 1982, and again on November 1983, buildings housing Israeli headquarters were destroyed by bombs, causing dozens of deaths in both cases and known in Israel as the First and Second Tyre Catastrophies. The 1983 explosion, by a suicide truck, happened only 10 days after similar car bombs exploded in the US Marines and French paratroop barracks in Beirut. Israel and the US blame Iran and Hezbollah for all explosions, but they have denied any involvement.
Cultural references
In nineteenth century Britain, Tyre was several times taken as an exemplar of the mortality of great power and status - both by John Ruskin in the opening lines of The Stones of Venice, and by Rudyard Kipling's 'Recessional'.
Bob Dylan refers to "Kings of Tyrus" in his 1966 ballad, Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands.
Tyre is mentioned by Ned Flanders along with Sidon as one of the "twin cities of the holy land" in the Simpsons episode My Sister, My Sitter.
Tyre is also prominently featured in the Shakespeare play, "Pericles, Prince of Tyre."
Tyre was also referred to many times by the poet Tibullus in the three books of poetry entitled Tibullus: Elegies.
 Main colonnaded street at Al Mina excavation site |  Al Mina excavation area - supposed Roman Agora |  a typical narrow street in the Christian quarter |  Tyre harbour |
References
External links
- Tyre On EarthSpots.com View Tyre and surrounding area via satellite images & maps
See also
This entry incorporates text from the public domain Easton's Bible Dictionary, originally published in 1897.
Categories
Articles with unsourced statements | Easton's Bible Dictionary | Cities and villages in Lebanon | Coastal cities | Phoenicia | Crusades | World Heritage Sites in Lebanon | Hellenistic colonies | Port cities | Cities of Antiquity