List of adjectival forms of place names

The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of the places.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language or dialect.

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.

Continents

Entries in italics are continental regions.

Nations

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Cities

NB Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.

U.S. states

NB In America, states' names are used as adjectives as well as nouns; adding -an or other such suffix to a state's name produces a demonym, not an adjective^{[citation needed]}. This is unlike elsewhere in the English-speaking world^{[citation needed]}.

Canadian provinces and territories

Australian states and territories

New Zealand regions

Subcontinental regions

Africa

Americas

Asia

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Europe

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language or dialect.

Middle East

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language.

Oceania

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language.

Other

Former nations and regions

Ancient civilizations, former colonies, renamed countries and regions, annexations, secessions, etc.

An asterisk (*) indicates that the word refers also to a language or dialect. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Astronomy

Solar system

Moons

Earth

Jupiter

Neptune

Saturn

Fictional regions

Notes